It mainly involves four aspects, the dysfunction of the brain, thehypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal(HPA)axis,theimmunesystem,andthegut–brainaxis. Thebrain abnormalities are mainly reflected in the unbalanced neurotransmitters, the impaired neuroplasticity, and the abnormal neural circuitry [1,10]. The HPA axis dysfunction is mainly manifested as a maladjustment of negative feedback mechanisms [19,20]. The immune changes are mainly seen as chronic inflammation [21,22]. The gut–brain dysfunction mainly includes gastrointestinal disorders and gut microbiota abnormalities .
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معنی Pathophysiology, معنی Pشفاتخحاتغسهخکخلغ, معنی Pathophysiology, معنی اصطلاح Pathophysiology, معادل Pathophysiology, Pathophysiology چی میشه؟, Pathophysiology یعنی چی؟, Pathophysiology synonym, Pathophysiology definition,